Trephined Human Skull – This 1200 year old skull originates from the Tuanacen tribe of Bolivia. The practice of head binding to create an elongated skull and trephination date back nearly 9000 years. Trephination was the process of removing a section of skull to relieve pressure caused by the binding process or to allow access to the brain. Surprisingly, patients survived these primitive surgeries as is evidenced by the healed bone edges.

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